1. Overproduction Manufacturing： an

1. Overproduction Manufacturing： an item before it is needed, making it difficult to detect defects and creating excessive lead times and inventory.2. Inappropriate Processing： Using expensive high-precision equipment when simpler machines would suffice. It leads to overutilization of expensive capital assets. Investment in smaller flexible equipment, immaculately maintained older machines, and combining process steps where appropriate reduce the waste associated with inappropriate processing.3. Waiting Wasteful： time incurred when product is not being moved or processed. Long production runs, poor material flows, and processes that are not tightly linked to one another can cause over 90 percent of a product’s lead time to be spent waiting.4. Transportation： Excessive movement and material handling of product between processes, which can cause damage and deterioration of product quality without adding any significant customer value.5. Motion： Unnecessary effort related to the ergonomics of bending, stretching, reaching, lifting, and walking. Jobs with excessive motion should be redesigned.6. Inventory ：Excess inventory hides problems on the shop floor, consumes space, increases lead times, and inhibits communication. Work-in-process inventory is a direct result of overproduction and waiting.7. Defects ：Quality defects result in rework and scrap and add wasteful costs to the system in the form of lost capacity, rescheduling effort, increased inspection, and loss of customer goodwill.8. Underutilization of Employees ：Failure of the firm to learn from and capitalize on its employees’ knowledge and creativity impedes long-term efforts to eliminate waste.