The voltage generated from the fuel

The voltage generated from the fuel cell is significantly affected by membrane dehydration especially when the cell operating temperature keeps increasing [185]. At lower cell operating temperature, there is condensation of water which eventually accumulates leading to flooding in the fuel cell. When the current density is kept constant at varying cell operating this case 45 ℃-50 ℃), the water produced will be same for all operating conditions. Again, the rate of reactant that will go into reaction will also be high for both conditions since rate of reaction increases with temperature. Water accumulation in the cell also increased between 45 ℃and 50 ℃ at high current densities. This indicates that there is an optimum cell operating temperature which can reduce condensation of water and rapid evaporation of water. This will help reduce water flooding and membrane dehydration which will reduce the overall performance of the fuel cell. Li et al. [26] used cathodic pressure drop of PEM fuel cell to determine the water management characteristics in a fuel cell. They explained that regulating the fuel cell temperature, inlet pressure and theinlet relative humidity were strategies to effectively regulate the water management characteristics in a fuel cell. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to determine the amount of water in the cell. There was no flooding after the fuel cell wasregulated using the three (3) strategies presented by Li et al.