I also used linear panel models to

I also used linear panel models to examine how industry ties influence the dissemination of ideas as captured by the widening circle of articles that reference them over time. The level of analysis in these models is article-citation year, but industry sponsorship cannot change for a given article over the years. As a result, I compared the distances covered in all article-years with one another. I predicted the distance that an article's citations travel using industry ties of the article's authors, controlling for influences from the social and scientific context.