Ginkgo suspension cells were used t

Ginkgo suspension cells were used to investigate the mechanism that governs the shift between primary and secondary metabolism under NaCl elicitation. The production of three flavonol glycosides, chlorophyll fluorescence, ion content, the antioxidant system, and the cellular ultrastructure in the presence of NaCl doses from 5 to 175 mM were examined. At low salt doses (5-50 mM), cell growth and flavonol glycosides accumulation were stimulated without damaging cell structure or inducing oxidative stress by maintaining high K+ and chlorophyll content. At moderate salt doses (75-125 mM), the cells could withstand the salt stress without an impact on survival by changing internal cellular structure, maintaining high levels of K+ and Ca2+ and increasing anti-oxidative enzyme activities rather than flavonol glycosides to counteract the inhibition of the photosystem II, the accumulation of Na+ and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the cells. This allowed cells to divert their metabolism from growth to defense-related pathways and tolerate NaCl stress. At higher salinity (150-175 mM), the cellular structure was damaged, and the high Na+ and low K+ content led to osmotic stress, and therefore, the stimulation of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) was not enough to cope with high H2O2 accumulation. The high production of flavonol glycosides may be a response of elicitation stimulation to serious damage at 175 mM NaCl. In conclusion, the use of 175 mM NaCl may be desirable for the induction of flavonol glycoside production in Ginkgo suspension cells.