For humidification subsystem, the g

For humidification subsystem, the gas-to-gas membrane humidifier is strongly suggested since it utilizes the stack exhaust to humidify and preheat inlet gases without parasitic power consumption [49]. Effects of operating conditions such as inlet gas temperatures and humidifier operating temperatures have been investigated both experimentally andnumerically [50,51]. For heat management subsystem, most studies are centered on novel coolants [17], cooling strategies [52], structural designs of radiator [53], and assisted cold start methods[54,55]. As regards the PEMFC system, Hosseinzadeh et al. [56] developed a zero-dimensional PEMFC model to investigate thewater and thermal management for forklift truck applications. However, details about auxiliary components (e.g. compressor, heat exchanger, humidifier, and pump) were not presented. Long et al.