When defects are introduced into tungsten oxide, local structures such as vacancies and dislocations are generated in the crystal lattice, and the local electronic structure is reconstructed and affects the entire electronic structure. As for the valence semiconductor, the valence band is mainly caused by the 2p orbit of O, and the conduction band is mainly caused by the d orbitals of the metal atom, so the defect construction inevitably affects the location of the conduction band, valence band, and Fermi level.<br>
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