As for entrepreneurial activities, 32 percent of respondents were engaged in at leastone form of commercial activity in the two years 2007 and 2008: negotiations with indus-try over their IP rights (29 percent), founding startups or marketing new technologies (8percent), or out-licensing of their technologies (9 percent). In addition, 50 percent ofrespondents received industry funds (on aver-age, industry funds accounted for 12 percentof total research expenses), and 28 percentcollaborated with industry. Figure 2 showsthe three field-level measures for prevalenceof academic entrepreneurship, which arehighly correlated (r « .9). Analyses of vari-ance (ANOVA) indicate all these variablesdiffer significantly across fields (p < .01).Academic entrepreneurship is common inmedical engineering, molecular biology, andmaterial chemistry but relatively rare in basicbiology and agricultural science.