These models assume that demands to improve a task ultimately require changes in V1 in which primitive visual features including orientation and spatial frequency are processed highly locally. Furthermore, horizontal connections have also been observed within V1 (Ts’o & Gilbert 1988). Gilbert and his colleagues (Piech et al. 2013) assume that feedback signals driven by a task demand interact with horizontal connections in V1 and change the local gains in V1 that are associated with perceptual learning