Taken together, the larger yield gap and slower yield growth rate suggests greater potential to accelerate yield growth of double-rice, assuming targeted investment in that goal. Raising the rate of yield growth of double-rice to that of single-rice would lead to a rice production surplus of 2 MMT by 2030 with a conservative exploitable yield ceiling of 75% of potential yield. Reducing labor requirements and associated costs in double-rice also would be an important objective of the research and development portfolio focused on these systems.