(Fig. 3a, c, Supplementary Fig. 16)

(Fig. 3a, c, Supplementary Fig. 16). To systematically evaluate the effect of abrasion on superhydrophobicity, we designed a series of superhydrophobic surfaces according to our strategy with different open cavity widths l and liquid–solid contact fractions f micro, and measured the static contact angle θ* and the roll-off angle θroll-off for the surfaces before and after abrasion. All experimental data are consistent with the theoretical model equation (3) (Fig. 3d).