TMany studies evaluating rough Ti/TiO2 surfaces have reported enhanced differentiation, as evidenced by higher levels of alkaline phosphatase specific activity and osteocalcin compared to smooth surfaces, using MG63s [59] and hMSCs [22].Our results are in agreement with other studies that have also found lower levels of alkaline phosphatase specific activity with associated higher production of osteocalcin on microrough surfaces [59,60] or combined micro- and nanorough surfaces that mimic bone structural hierarchy [29], suggesting a more mature osteoblastic phenotype. These results are attributed to the biphasic profile of alkaline phosphatase specific activity, with an earlier peak