In the surveyed area, every farmer

In the surveyed area, every farmer harvested crops manually using a sickle. Modern harvesting machines such as reapers and combine harvesters were neg￾ligible amount in the farmers’ fields. Farmers were not so much familiar with the performance of combine harvester, or even with the reaper. Farmers described harvesting as labor-intensive and time-consuming work. Farmers used open drum thresher, close drum thresher and paddle thresher for threshing the paddy, either in the field or in the home yard. Mechanical winnowing units and tradi￾tional equipment kula were found in the surveyed area for cleaning the crop