Each layer is assumed to be homogenous and the fuel cell’s physical processes are described in the through-plane direction only. The anode and cathode, each consists of a GDL and a CL, are assumed to be symmetrical about the proton exchange membrane, and are constructed from materials having the same physical properties. The MEA is held between the anode and cathode GCs that deliver reactant gases to the assembly for electrochemical reactions. An effective cooling system is assumed to be in place such that the temperature of PEM fuel cell is maintained constant throughout the stack