series of HIF target genes, including genes encoding glucosetransporters (GLUTs) (30), glycolysis enzymes such aspyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) (31,32), lactatedehydrogenase A (LDH-A), and myc (33). The enhancementof these HIF-target genes synergistically promotes theWarburg effect, allowing cancer cells to gain growth advantages(29,34,35).