Influence of vehicle models on wheel–railforceIn section ‘‘Influence of wheel–track models on wheel–rail forces,’’ the moving oscillator track model withconstraint wheel–track relation (R1C) has been recognized as the most simple wheel–track model in predicting the wheel–rail forces. This wheel–track model willbe combined with different vehicle models shown inFigure 4 to find out the simplest vehicle model in assessing wheel–rail forces over deformed bridges.