In Bauer’s Vorm¨arz texts, the unity of thought and being must be seen in two dimensions,a permanently incomplete objective task, and the reflection, distillation,and harmonisation of the process within the rational self-consciousness of individual subjects. This is the domain of universal self-consciousness,a reflection into self of dynamic objective processes originated by thesubjects’ deeds; it remains distinct from the passivity and introspection of the epistemic self-reflection, which treats inner psychic contents as objects, and which both Hegel and Kant criticise.